| Action Anthropology |
A process of social science research that combines inquiry with practical solutions of day-to-day problems of a particular group or community. |
applied action anthropology; collective action anthropology |
Bennett [y@26961]; Stull [y@27041]; Tax [y@27042] |
| Action Inquiry |
An approach to learning and inquiry that combines research and practice for the purpose of transformational change; often applied to leadership practices. |
cooperative inquiry; dialectical inquiry
|
Barnes-Najor (2019); Torbert [y@27044] |
| Action Learning |
A problem-solving approach that uses a process of action and reflection. Commonly used in businesses and non-profits and in governmental and educational settings. |
action reflection learning; critical action learning; unlearning |
McGill & Brockbank [y@27019]; Revans [y@27032]; Zuber-Skerritt, Wood, & Kearney [y@27063] |
| Action Research (AR) |
Represents a broad family of research approaches that emphasize social change and transformation, active collaboration through participation between researcher and members of the system, and iterative cycles of action and reflection to address practical concerns. |
arts-based AR; critical AR; feminist AR; first person AR; systematic AR |
Bradbury [y@26963]; Chandler & Torbert [y@26973]; Lewin [y@27011]; Reason & Torbert [y@27030] |
| Action Science |
An intervention approach used within organization development to improve behavioral processes and organizational effectiveness, encourage learning, and create interpersonal, group, intergroup, or organization-wide change. |
organization development |
Argyris, Putnam, & Smith [y@26957]; Argyris [y@26956]; Friedman, Razer, & Sykes [y@26987]. |
| Appreciative Inquiry (AI) |
An asset-based approach based in the positive potential of individuals, communities, and organizations that directly engages stakeholders in positive social change around what is already working rather than solving problems. |
appreciative systems |
Cooperrider, Whitney, Stavros, & Stavros [y@26978]; Reed [y@27031]; Watkins, Mohr, & Kelly [y@27059] |
| Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) |
An approach to sustainable community-driven development that posits communities can drive the development process themselves by identifying and mobilizing existing, but often unrecognized assets. |
citizen-led development |
Mathie & Cunningham [y@27018]; Kretzmann & McKnight [y@27009] |
| Citizen Science |
Research that is conducted at least in some degree by members of the public; popularized in environmental science |
public participation in science; crowd-sourced science; civic science |
Bonney, et al [y@26962]; Dickinson, et al [y@26983]; Shirk, et al [y@27037] |
| Collaborative Change Research, Evaluation, & Design (CCRED) |
Collective term referring to participatory approaches utilized by researchers, evaluators and designers who bridge research and practice for positive social change |
collaborative change research |
Busch, Jean- Baptiste, Person, & Vaughn [y@26967] |
| Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) |
An orientation to research often focused on health-related issues that equitably involves all partners, including researchers and community members, in all phases of the research process, from study design to dissemination. |
community capacity; participatory health research; community-based participatory action research |
Israel, Eng, Schulz, & Parker [y@27000]; Wallerstein, Duran, Oetzel, & Minkler [y@27053]; Wallerstein & Duran [y@27054] |
| Community-Engaged Research (CEnR) |
Represents a broad array of research approaches that emphasize academic-community partnerships focused on issues that affect the well-being of the community of focus. |
community engagement in research |
Ahmed & Palermo [y@26954]; CTSA [y@26982]; Key et al [y@27006] |
| Community Science |
Research that is focused on building strong communities through partnered prevention, treatment, education, and health promotion efforts. Often used within community psychology. |
|
Chinman, et al [y@26976]; Luke [y@27013]; Wandersman [y@27056] |
|
Decolonizing Methodologies
|
Research methods that question the assumptions of power in the research process, in research relationships, and in ways of knowing. Approaches that challenge traditional Western methods that undermine lived experiences of marginalized groups. |
indigenous research methodologies |
Chilisa [y@26975]; Smith [y@27038] |
| Educational Action Research |
Represents a broad range of action research conducted in educational and school settings. |
teacher action research |
Kinsler, K. [y@27008]; Mertler [y@27020]; Somekh [y@27039] |
| Emancipatory Research |
Research that shifts power and control from researchers to those who would be the research subjects. Often used in the context of disability research. |
emancipatory action research |
Oliver [y@27027]; Walmsley, J. [y@27055] |
| Health Impact Assessment (HIA) |
A structured method to understand health consequences of projects and policies that takes into account those who might be impacted by a proposed policy. |
community health needs assessment |
Brigg [y@26964]; Lock [y@27012] |
| Participatory Action Research (PAR) |
Combines participation and action to understand and address societal issues. Emphasizes democratic processes in participation with others rather than research for research’s sake conducted on people/communities. |
participatory research; youth participatory action research |
Baum, MacDougall, & Smith [y@26960]; Cammarota & Fine [y@26969]; Chevalier & Buckles [y@26974]; Ozer [y@27028] |
| Participatory Evaluation |
An approach that shares decision-making with stakeholders in the evaluation of a program or service in some point of the process. |
empowerment evaluation; participatory or democratic evaluation
|
Cousins & Whitmore [y@26981]; Greene [y@26992]; Whitmore [y@27061] |
| Participatory Health Research (PHR) |
A research paradigm that most centrally values participation from stakeholders in the research process in specific ways to improve the quality and relevance of the research. |
community-based participatory research |
ICPHR [y@26999]; Ramsden, McKay, & Crowe [y@27029]; Wright & Kongats [y@27062]
|
| Participatory Rural Appraisal |
An approach to community development in which rural people share decision-making in the programs and policies that affect them. Often used by non-governmental organizations. |
rapid rural appraisal |
Chambers [y@26972]; Mukherjee [y@27022]; Mosse [y@27021] |
| Patient-Centered Outcomes Research |
Research investigating the outcomes that are important to patients, with the rationale that clinical research is higher quality when it is informed by perspectives of the end users. Often used in healthcare research. |
patient-centered research |
Frank, Basch, & Selby [y@26985]; Gabriel [y@26989]; Selby, Beal & Frank [y@27036] |
| Popular Education |
A people-oriented, people-guided approach to education pioneered by Paulo Freire that centers people’s life experiences and sees all participants as both teacher and learner. |
popular adult education; critical education |
Freire [y@26986]; Giroux et al [y@26990]; Torres [y@27045] |
| Popular Epidemiology |
A research process in which lay people gather data and work with experts to understand the epidemiology of disease and develop treatments. |
environmental justice research |
Brown [y@26965] |
| Practitioner Inquiry |
A reflective approach to professional development for practitioners that involves asking research questions, collecting data, evaluating inquiries, and taking action. |
practitioner action research, critical practitioner inquiry; teacher action research |
Anderson, Herr, & Nihlen [y@26955]; Cochran-Smith & Lytle [y@26977]; Coughlan [y@26980] |
| Pragmatic Action Research |
A cyclical progression of action research and collaborative evaluation designed to enhance co-generative learning among the participants with the end goal of solving problems. |
co-generative research |
Greenwood [y@26994]; Greenwood [y@26993]
|
| Team Science |
Collaborative, cross-disciplinary approaches to complex social problems that have many causes (e.g., climate change, chronic disease). |
interdisciplinary team science |
National Research Council [y@27024]; Stokols, Hall, Taylor, & Moser [y@27040] |
| User-Centered Design Research |
An iterative design process that involves users in the design of products or services that are intended for them. |
design thinking; PostDesign; participatory design research; human-centered design |
Mao, Vredenburg, Smith & Carey [y@27017]; Sanders [y@27034] |